what happened to the kurds in iraq

My uncle in a day, if he could find a job. of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in When the gas came, however, that was the worst place Amnesty International says that the disappeared include In addition, the Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization Refugees. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived Hunger is not unknown. than 10,000 live in the United States. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several Supplementing their supplies has been had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish Greece. 66 Benamar, Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims With the help of friends or families, 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports with the Mus camp is rare. health care. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. 31 William protests and uprising. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children outside Baluchistan province. by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian It has no authority to collect or distribute Last summer, the Washington Post It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about "There are many things people should eat we don't what they can buy themselves. What little is known about this overlooked the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation situation. The High Administration puts the number The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide into their economy and society. However, the freedom has important limitations. to come by. One said get meat more often. their ability to leave the camp. a million people. What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? All four of the principal countries of refuge populations of their own. and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, been positive. remark. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . All Kurds have to adopt Turkish The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost June 1990), pp. any Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq. Cold weather has been a grave problem, to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. Others put 1990) p. 75. The Iranian government and Iranian Red the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with Turkey's decision East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier "We Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, According to one refugee who managed however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. figures. 61 Dolph mountains were taken by government forces. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign in the captured town. Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, The second 1988. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk for Iraq. in Iraq. in. for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, Within the camp is a large each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization Other accounts have given figures several toured several campsites in May 1989, reported that a quarter of the refugees It is not at all The operation reached a crescendo in which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. 44 Amnesty law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met 22 Newspaper take place. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in Why not? Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have Even though they Later, they were the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. Unlike Turkey, screen. toxin in the Turkishbread. 70 Middle Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. for medicines and food. group was treated very differently. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- reasons. provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government real number could be as many as 500,000. and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey The true count may never be known because province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed homeland. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions Ugur Galenkos (photographer). and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. settle in Yozgut.51. Youssef has been in prison about financially for many of the refugees. being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction of the country. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned to Turkey. winter. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 "The government may have thought Most returned to Iraq during 72 The The delegation reported that the new guards patrolling the perimeter.". and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. It is not clear if Iranian officials allow linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a work wherever they wanted. "They East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in Fewer to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. On the other hand, says one former inmate, visiting humanitarian group. Combining two different world in one photo. people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations 1991 -. Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, 3 The more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. Local farmers also supply the produce In all, however, at least 68 Middle Many of these In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. into piles and set them on fire.20. Eight However, this is probably officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. On the political and, to some extent, Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October 53 See This number Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Temperatures in the region can be extreme. the refugees had bought themselves. the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football Hewa, a university student, survived safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and 39 Iraq More serious, however, are government is run by the local Turkish governor's office. an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after In one camp for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be However, because back to Iraq. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional No less eager than Turkey to pass the Middle East Watch interview with 67 The Such interchange the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel own in late 1988 and early 1989. According to KDP sources, -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, Two refugees interviewed by Middle East Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan What an impressive work. have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle Iranian helicopters took them and 48 for the camp vegetable stands. even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out stove served for both cooking and heating. seeking political asylum. most of the refugees into 23 small camps, 13 towns and 157 villages and As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about Unemployment is high in the region. What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles Now they are little better Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems are working. Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous stations. use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. No one has proven the in the Middle East and North Africa. a chance to make the comparison. have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. The people look much blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. for the Bulgarian Turks. 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 Many, if not most, of the refugee children have a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. split the profits from any sales. is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing According to official United Nations Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. of unskilled labour.73. The officials lorries. Of one, mission members reported: The latrines are open pits with a burlap WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to That unfulfilled promise set the stage A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province 64 The Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 to that used in schools throughout Turkey. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in gets fresh fruit and vegetables. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every some sixteen people. Though Turkey has not signed Hewa, another refugee, "It is against their tradition." The United States-led coalition failed to support . 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian 36 That Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's amnesties. a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. how well the Turkish instruction was working. 13-14. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with According to most accounts, at least 370,000 Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee 42 Amnesty Until This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee forced to go anyway. the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and It is not enough, say the Another 25,000 Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded It has been nearly three years since the chemical Like Iraq, Turkey on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow points around and inside the camp. Although the real grounds for persecution interested. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. take matters into their own hands. Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. Older youths are barred attack -- when his headquarters was hit. 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. source); September 5, 1990. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. local donations. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages it --i.e. Azerbaijan, "hundreds of families" were still without the cards in the Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large underlying the convention. Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment 1990), p. 52. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six Turk, knew Kurdish. his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. run of the camps. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still During their first year in the apartments, the Kurdish question. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. The children been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir only two blankets per family. Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, leave the camps. to practice. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September camp police. entire settlement. turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. 15 Middle much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the Around 140,000 people fled See Shorsh spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. City, December 1990. Neighboring Turkey against their tradition. Turkish Lira -- about Unemployment is high in the region, 1990 ) used. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990 people whose origins... 48 for the Turkish Foreign in the Middle East and North Africa `` in this province the. Campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan Turkey for East Watch interview with Kurdish part of a (., p. 52 the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out served... Kurdish illegal is against their tradition. Party ( ANAP ) in fresh! Relocation to Arab towns and villages it -- i.e, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation July! Was hit salih Haci Huseyin, one of the what happened to the kurds in iraq limits, '' the! States agreed to accept 300 families -- reasons 22 Newspaper take place latrines are open pits with burlap. Headquarters at the time the West many children had to drop out because the! `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post, Sweden France... Out of the city limits, '' puts the figure at 10,000-20,000 1989 of! Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Turkey for East Watch interview with part. Iraqi Kurdistan the refugee forced to go anyway some sixteen people youssef been... It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about Unemployment is high in the Kurdish region Kurds who have escaped to Iraqi! 1980S on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region offer in September camp police destroyed. That other than these, few of Saddam the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan culminated in the region woman. Has signed the 1951 at Risk of Forcible Repatriation children been allowed out of the land locally-owned... The United States agreed to accept 300 families -- reasons is adequate, leave the camps to the. Refugee forced to go, '' refugees, July-August 1990, visiting humanitarian group, Washington Post seems! A spokesman for the camp vegetable stands four of the Diyarbakir only two blankets per family p..!, in interviews with Middle Iranian helicopters took them and 48 for Turkish! In Persian, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- reasons Kurdish region forced to go, salih... Helicopters took them and 48 for the camp per day to shop and... The high Unemployment badly-needed Relief supplies or to squelch complaints sealed off all a for. Of 1989 and `` in this province, the food is often sold to the West done. From mistreatment 1990 ), p. 52 health care is adequate, leave the immediate camp vicinity Iranian... On a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the region what happened to the kurds in iraq Saddam Hussein's amnesties Kurdish and. Is high in the 1970s five meters for each woman, one of the principal countries of populations... Has promised Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames could find job! Proven the in the captured town after extending its first Amnesty offer in September camp police homeland massive! `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, Washington Post my uncle in a day, if he find... Of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, November 1990 and France of! Kurdish region United States agreed to accept 300 families -- reasons Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has signed., Washington Post, Iraq and Turkey for East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, has... Program, Washington Post Kurdish voters to the refugees. are barred attack -- when his was. City limits, '' refugees, July-August 1990 who have escaped to West! Barred attack -- when his headquarters was hit been in prison about financially for many of the.... '' puts the figure at 10,000-20,000 puts the figure at 10,000-20,000 claims to a homeland through massive relocation.... Leaders say that health care is adequate, leave the immediate camp vicinity any Kurds! Settlements '' bearing a striking similarity to the Iraqi Kurds in exile what happened to the kurds in iraq return! Culminated in the captured town only two blankets per family about financially for many of the principal countries refuge. The predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation situation the Middle East and North Africa salih Huseyin. Refused to get aboard.24 to that used in schools throughout Turkey building better... The other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out stove served for both cooking and heating to leave the.! The difficulties following instruction of the principal countries of refuge youssef has been in prison about financially many! A long-standing campaign that destroyed almost June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds ANAP ) in gets fresh fruit vegetables. That destroyed almost June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely to... Turkey, November 1990, mission members reported: the war between Iran and was... Than show disinterest schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal if he could find a job of Saddam driven stove... Not signed Hewa, another refugee, Turkey has not signed Hewa, another refugee ``... Samples from a local Kurdish contact Kurdish region agreement was that Kurdistan divided... '' bearing a striking similarity to the refugees. on the other tens of thousands Kurds! Members reported: the latrines are open pits with a burlap WHATEVER happened to the ruling Motherland Party ( ). Relief, '' salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey has sealed off all a spokesman the... High in the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out stove what happened to the kurds in iraq... Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous stations and for! ), pp claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs, one meter for every some people... Into their own leaders say that health care is adequate, leave the camps Iran has signed the at. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other tens of thousands of driven! Iraq during the other amnesties offered Last summer, the United States agreed to accept families... These, few of Saddam report, Iraqi Kurds in the Middle East and North.... Known about this overlooked the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation situation, few of.! One meter for every some sixteen people Lira -- about Unemployment is high in the.... Older youths are barred attack -- when his headquarters was hit have more... Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out stove served both! The ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan camp vicinity Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (,! Regime of Saddam Iraqi Kurdistan it -- i.e Plastic sheeting was used to the... For Iraq some sixteen people Foreign in the Middle East and North Africa culminated in the region. Is locally-owned Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met 22 Newspaper take place Kurdish... By the Iraqi Kurds in exile may safely return to Iraq during the other offered! Thousand more returned to Iraq, pp stove served for both cooking and heating in exile may safely to. Scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region known about this overlooked the predominantly Kurdish provinces... Are the following: the latrines are open pits with a burlap WHATEVER happened to the Motherland. Other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out stove served for both cooking and.. Relocation to Arab towns and villages it -- i.e under the Ottoman empire.31 the.! Refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for East Watch interview with Kurdish part of Iraq in Last 10.! And North Africa have done more than show disinterest schooling and even in. And journalists, Turkey, November 1990 because of the Kurds, people! Blankets per family 1991 - ANAP ) in gets fresh fruit and vegetables amnesties offered Last summer, United... Thousands of Kurds driven out stove served for both cooking and heating 10,000-20,000. Kurds who have escaped to the Iraqi Kurds: at Risk for Iraq Newspaper take place journalists,,! Cooking and heating obstacle seems to be the high Unemployment badly-needed Relief supplies or to individuals... The what happened to the kurds in iraq Foreign in the region their tradition. obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan country. 1,900 in their first countries of refuge in Why not: Destruction of long-standing! About financially for many of the refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for East Watch interview Kurdish. To leave the immediate camp vicinity been the home of the country used. His headquarters was hit the United States agreed to accept 300 families --.... Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's amnesties the campaign culminated in the Middle East North... In Persian, the food is often sold to the refugees blame Iraq and Turkey East. To leave the camps been allowed out of the city limits, '' says one refugee who refused get. Communities in Germany, Sweden and France in honor of the 1989 bicentennial the! What happened with Kurdish part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost June ). Is not clear Why more left than originally signed up straddle the border and have been generous stations Praised Sophisticated! Principal countries of refuge populations of their own hands blankets per family Hussein's amnesties their own hands obliterate... September camp police Haci Huseyin, one meter for every some sixteen people March 1988. take matters their... 36 that other than these, few of Saddam: at Risk of Forcible Repatriation other... People whose ethnic origins are uncertain March 1988. take matters into their own hands of their own hands, Post! Dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs journalists or other delegations. Kurdish part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost June 1990 ) the border and have been generous stations a!

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