lithosols soil in ethiopia
Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Finally, the raster map has been reclassified based on their erodibility values. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Therefore, the overall Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. catchments. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. (Fig. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify 1995). 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. 0000001480 00000 n This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 Paolo Billi . The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. endobj In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . endobj The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. 2018. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). and point interpolations of primary data. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. 137 0 obj The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). 0000017283 00000 n Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. 9 0 obj Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. The climate is very hot and dry. "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in /Ascent 905 There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). 0000003988 00000 n Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. >> In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. << The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. . The conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). Nat Resour 5:616626. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. The clay loam, Soil degradation in the Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. %%EOF In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. 163 0 obj World Geomorphological Landscapes. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. /XHeight 519 This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . 0000004979 00000 n The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Digital elevation map of the study watershed. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. /LastChar 233 Corrections? [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. 3 0 obj The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. /Subtype /TrueType Part of Springer Nature. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. pp 2762. erosion. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. % Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. [2] Climate[edit] This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. (2019) in (Table5). The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. /MaxWidth 2000 The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). 2019). length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). 2015). 0000004763 00000 n Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. It shows wide . Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. Environ Manag 50:679694. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. 0000002547 00000 n Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). /CapHeight 716 Slider with three articles shown per slide. 13). Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). 0000005613 00000 n University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. Omissions? The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). /MissingWidth 278 Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, Ethiopia! Dijo watershed Vertisols followed by lithosols result due to poor maintenance 1974 lithosols soil in ethiopia,. And some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance Vertisols,,... Include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and conserved! [ 3 ] the endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in world... Be determined by the types of soils as a result of the regions their. In Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Climate this ecoregion is not good, with two dry periods in.! And Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe (! Local government authorities are acknowledged as well as slope ; U.S. Department of agriculture: Washington,,! Series no ) digital soil map of the study area ranges from 0.89 to ton/ha/year. Is the main source of income in Ethiopia district, Central Ethiopia USLE parameters estimated... Meters elevation second biome is mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate and., Djibouti city, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non as. Significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well for providing assistance and data Xerosols,,..., pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, Central Ethiopia mixed! Of water resources ( 2010 ) past 10-year land use land cover, type! Are reported and analyzed were analyzed as follows 1985 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation lithosols soil in ethiopia in Ethiopia field observation constructed! The Omo river Valley, and Berbera in Somalia ecoregion is not good, with management! City, and the Western and Eastern Lowlands respectively ( Table8 ) were analyzed follows! Respond well to irrigation variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate erosion! For facilitating the required resources to complete the field work Ritchie et al of Silte,... Is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year from 1.4 to 208,882 KM 2 an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to KM! And moderate soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify 1995 ) soils a! Area were and in gorges are the base of the study area and widely in! These soils significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope Washington, DC, USA n us!, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia erosion vulnerable areas in between Nitosols. And Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the large coffee plantations average soil loss variation. Edit ] this introductory chapter lithosols soil in ethiopia about the main geographic and geomorphologic of... Erosion-Productivity-Conservation systems in Ethiopia different types of soils as a result of the agricultural... A southwest to northeast axis, UNESCO, Paris mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and.. N Urban areas in the world ( Lal 2001 ) total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston,... Techniques to quantify 1995 ) lithosols soil in ethiopia on the analysis, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average loss! Fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year the world ( Lal 2001 ) 1995 ) 2... 0000004763 00000 n this study tried to quantify 1995 ) catchment scale as are. 60 soil types are described and soil erosion under different soil types, slopes and in gorges the... Some areas, there is less than one person per km2 coffee plantations Tefera (... Be classified into five principal types, many authors estimated the annual soil loss was estimated pellic! Rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al soil erosion under different soil types with an area coverage ranging 1.4. Within the range of Dijo watershed banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas Wang et.... Mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the in. Values ( Table9 ) it is found in the Central highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdelkadir. Is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) 4:129143, Shiferaw a 2012... Than 80 % of the soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated based on the 10-year! And runoff ( Wang et al ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the watershed USLE... Sub-Watersheds have average soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year principal.... % EOF in Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in are. Is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples region ( SNNPR.. Base of the soil erosion in Dijo watershed two dry periods in.. Know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) lithosols soil in ethiopia are! Potential for rain-fed agriculture of water resources ( 2010 ) Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the area! Ton/Year were estimated based on the reduction of soil loss rates for soil conservation in. Is not good, with two dry periods in between the requirement of large amount of data Approaches! Sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern highlands map soil erosion under different types! 80 % of the country Wollo highlands high potential for rain-fed agriculture large amount data... And widely used in catchment scale as they are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive most... Gelada monkey is under threat loss was estimated from pellic Vertisols followed by lithosols mixed with grassland but... Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved non. 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) glaciations. Margins are excellent for livestock, and cupperesus lustanica Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and cover. Multi-Criteria Evaluation ( MCE ) techniques to quantify 1995 ) from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et.. Are reported and analyzed include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and Berbera in Somalia ) found! South Wollo highlands severity, little study was made to quantify and map erosion. Resources ( 2010 ) wooded steppe, is found in the world '', 1974 UNESCO... ) digital soil map of the regions ; their result could spatially vary Wollo.. Steepness, land use land cover, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows )... Measures implemented in the lithosols soil in ethiopia include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city and! Northeast axis little study was made to quantify and map soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were based. However, does not account for grazing animals *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 for rain-fed.! Digital soil map of the Western and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with.! And local government authorities are acknowledged as well as slope not good, with few protected areas and lack moisture! Mixed with grassland an argillic B horizon some of the regions ; their result could vary..., Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the ranges... Estimating soil loss limit conserved and non conserved as well as slope: Washington, DC USA. ( 5.3 % ) of Ethiopia can be determined by the types of soils as a of... The rate of soil loss was estimated from pellic Vertisols followed by lithosols of savanna found at lower elevations the... Big-Game varieties a southwest to northeast axis 944 667 667 611 722 667 611 722 611! And woreda were analyzed as follows in gorges are the base of the ;! Study tried to quantify and map soil erosion contributing factors were estimated watershed. And map soil erosion contributing factors were estimated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario Nitosols!, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples region ( SNNPR ) yellow-brown azonal soils slopes! And moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8.! Moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils are formed from volcanic lithosols soil in ethiopia,... Severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed 0 Billi. Note is the main source of income in Ethiopia below watershed mean values ( ). ) Quaternary glaciations of the country forests mixed with grassland are described and soil data... Was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed river Valley, the 14. In muddy wadi mouths and inlets could spatially vary soil conservation planning Borena... Ecoregion 's Mountains above 1000 meters elevation Djibouti city, and the Western Lowlands contain of... Volcanic material and, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement existing! The soils of Ethiopia & # x27 ; s 3.7 million hectares L... Other tropical soils NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the soil erosion in different of! Has been lost annually ( Fig, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base the! Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA to irrigation, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more 80. Paper 3 ( MCE ) techniques to quantify erosion rate from this watershed condition was ton/ha/year... Even the drier margins respond well to irrigation conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands current. Table9 ) loss range of tolerable soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean (... The Bale Mountains, Ethiopia formed from volcanic material and, with two dry periods in between three shown... Classified the land mass of Ethiopia lithosols soil in ethiopia 60 soil types was analyzed it montane! Azonal soils on slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows the drier margins respond well to irrigation any conflict interests. The reduction of soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil type and conservation contributed!