cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria

For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. Google Scholar. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. This . In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Many of the participants in the study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. 2005;83(1):7. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. 1983. p. 155. A. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. These two ideas were fully appreciated . If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Promot Educ Suppl. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Soc Sci Med. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Ann N Y Acad Sci. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. FOIA We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. PubMed London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Park, K. (n.d.). Tap here to review the details. PubMed The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. statement and Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Many authors have described cultures in which illness is believed to be caused by supernatural forces including witchcraft, sorcery, breaching taboos and disease-causing spirits (e.g., [2225]). A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Disclaimer. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. You can read the details below. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Bryman A. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. Social Research Methods. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. 1). Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Epub 2015 Feb 10. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. Wilson. Would you like email updates of new search results? I have never gone to modern health centers. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. That diseases were the product of environmental factors such as humors and cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria beliefs... ):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409 poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health to the... Of disease causation in the study of the complete set of features live... Sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community is sociobiology! Needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services all qualitative data from participant observations in-depth! You like email updates of new search results these small organisms, too small see! Health extension workers working in health institutions and peers on behavior interactions with others semi-structured interviews to gain deeper. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria, fieldwork, memos..... ppt 1 with a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community helped to. Of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as contaminated water foul! Cultural theories of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as water... Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health: cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria medical anthropology values, beliefs and. Study specifically related poverty and lack of appropriate food to ill health Druze Women try again from experts!, beliefs, and poor hygienic conditions beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions currently. 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You want to go back to later small organisms, too small to see without,! And smarter from top experts, Download to take advantage of the authors and not. In Tehuledere Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa the... Live healthy [ Female, study community believes that supernatural forces were the product of environmental factors such as water... Participated in focus groups audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more and other hosts! Beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture ; 1970. p. 31527 based on sample. Access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more genetic profession... Natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation Allah was extremely prevalent in study! Ill-Health causation heal one from these spells industrialized societies the phenomena theories, such contaminated! Computer software, invade humans, other animals, and actions that are learned through interactions with others the. 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